Julie A. Parsons, MD 
Haberfield Endowed Chair in Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics and Neurology
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado
Aurora, CO, USA

As we talk about the gene transfer therapies and the modalities that we have to use, it's really interesting. Yesterday, with our keynote speaker, you could see this logarithmic growth of the use of gene transfer therapies for these disorders. If you look at the Venn diagram, you can see that really 27% almost of gene transfer therapies that are used are in musculoskeletal and neurology. For many of us as neurologists, we also take care of metabolic disorders.

We really own right now this landscape, and of course, our two approved modalities are Onasemnogene and Delandistrogene. We're going to look at three different disorders, monogenic disorders, monogenic diseases, to typify what we look at in terms of some of the risks and benefits of these treatments. SMA, Duchenne, and X-linked myotubular myopathy are all rare disorders. They're all diseases that have a high unmet medical need and a significant disease burden.

I think they're all good in terms of typifying where we are clinically with these disorders. The first question is, is it worth it? Are these effective treatments? We know from looking at the information about SMA that just looking early on, we know that if we treat kids early, that we do see a marked improvement in motor scores for kids that are treated early with Onasemnogene.

In Duchenne, we have information that there is at least some improvement in the 4-5-year-olds in terms of motor skills treated with Delandistrogene. In terms of X-linked MTM, which was a very dramatic improvement, you could see that for boys who were basically traked, vented, and had no mobility, the bottom line, the blue line, is actually looking at ventilator dependence. Are they effective? Yeah, they're effective, but then we have to say, okay, what's the downside?

The downside is that there's tremendous risk associated with treatment with these agents. If we really look at the sobering facts, we know that with SMA, there have been deaths, there have been fatalities related to thrombotic microangiopathy to patients who have liver failure, a couple of patients have died. With Onasemnogene, this is 4,000 plus doses that have so far been given. With Duchenne, unfortunately, many of us got the letter yesterday talking about an additional death in a patient treated with commercial Delandistrogene.

We also know with some of the other agents, like fordadistrogene, patient died of heart failure, cardiac arrest, another patient who had acute respiratory syndrome with pulmonary edema. Again, we look at this and say this is significant. With X-linked MTM, as Alan said, there were some unanticipated deaths, four deaths from patients who ended up having cholestatic liver diseases that really wasn't anticipated prior to the patients being treated with the animal models and all that we had. Then many of you have heard about the patient with Rett syndrome who had a systemic hyperinflammatory syndrome. Again, these are rare disorders. They have a high disease burden, but the risk of treatment is significant.

In the next part, Dr. Parsons discuss factors impacting safety and efficacy of AAV-mediated gene therapies.

0 0

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
Professor and Vice Chair of Human Genetics,
Allen and Charlotte Ginsburg Chair in Precision Genomic Medicine,
Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Human Genetics,
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA

Mark Roberts, MD
Professor and Consultant Neurologist,
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Research Lead for Adult Metabolic Medicine at 
Salford Care Organisation, Manchester, UK

Drs. Longo and Roberts discussed the current status of gene therapies in rare neuromuscular disorders in this eight-part podcast series. This is derived from the symposium that was presented at World Symposium 2025 in San Diego, California on February 4th through 7th, 2025, and is intended for healthcare professionals only. This podcast includes information about investigational compounds that do not yet have a regulatory approval or authorization for a specific indication. The safety and efficacy of the agents under investigation have not been established and contents of this podcast shall not be used in any manner to directly or indirectly promote or sell the product for unapproved uses. The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in this presentation belong solely to the author and are subject to change without notice. The contents of this presentation do not constitute an endorsement of any product or indication by Astellas. In this part, Dr. Longo will discuss ongoing gene therapies in lysosomal disorders.

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
I'm going to present to discuss some example of ongoing gene therapy for lysosomal disorder. There are gene therapy in development for both Fabry disease and some of this involve ex vivo gene therapy, many others involve systemic administration with an AAV, Gaucher disease type 1 that affect the periphery, and Gaucher disease type 2, where the replacement should occur within the central nervous system because this condition affects the brain. There is already one approved gene therapy for lysosomal disorder, which is for the early onset metachromatic leukodystrophy. This has been approved both in Europe and now even in the United States, which consists of ex vivo gene therapy with the administration of an extra gene that restore the function of the defective enzyme. Now there are many others that are ongoing for the same indication. There are gene therapy programs for GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis, and at least one for Krabbe disease. It is important to know that some of these condition are actually included in the recommended uniform screening panel. Basically, we would have access to patients in a timely manner for some of these conditions. Then there are several gene therapy under development for the mucopolysaccharidoses, including MPS-IH, MPS-II, MPS-IIIA and MPS-IV.

There are different type of lysosomal disorders, the one caused by mutation, integral membrane protein, not enzyme within the lysosome, but protein that are present on the membrane of the lysosome. This gene therapy that have been tested, it is for cystinosis, that it is caused by a defective lysosomal and for Danon disease, which is caused by a deficiency of an integral membrane part. Finally, one lysosomal disorder, which obviously seems a metabolic condition, but it is really not, is glycogen storage disease type 2 or Pompe disease, in which there is the intralysosomal accumulation of glycogen. There are several ongoing clinical trials to try to correct the problem in this condition.
Now, I'm going to discuss some of the most advanced program in the lysosomal storage disorder. This include one for Fabry, which is on an accelerated approval pathway with phase 1 and 2 data, one for Gaucher disease type 1. Obviously, I'm going to discuss the one that has been already approved for metachromatic leukodystrophy. There is one for Hunter syndrome, and the difference of the one for Hunter syndrome, it is an example of the direct administration of gene therapy within the central nervous system.

Finally, there is one ongoing for glycogen storage disease type 2 or Pompe disease in adult patients. In gene therapy for metachromatic leukodystrophy, it was the first gene therapy approved for lysosomal disorder in human, and this requires harvesting the CD34 cell from affected patient and then introducing the [inaudible 00:04:32] gene back in this cell, and then placing them back inside the patient again. This has been very effective in patients who were treated early, and obviously, the treatment needs to occur before there is irreversible brain damage in this patient.

In the next part, Dr. Roberts and Longo will discuss treatment with gene therapies.

0 0

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
Professor and Vice Chair of Human Genetics,
Allen and Charlotte Ginsburg Chair in Precision Genomic Medicine,
Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Human Genetics,
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA

Mark Roberts, MD
Professor and Consultant Neurologist,
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Research Lead for Adult Metabolic Medicine at
Salford Care Organisation, Manchester, UK

Drs. Longo and Roberts discussed the current status of gene therapies in rare neuromuscular disorders in this eight-part podcast series. This is derived from the symposium that was presented at World Symposium 2025 in San Diego, California on February 4th through 7th, 2025, and is intended for healthcare professionals only. This podcast includes information about investigational compounds that do not yet have a regulatory approval or authorization for a specific indication. The safety and efficacy of the agents under investigation have not been established and contents of this podcast shall not be used in any manner to directly or indirectly promote or sell the product for unapproved uses. The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in this presentation belong solely to the author and are subject to change without notice. The contents of this presentation do not constitute an endorsement of any product or indication by Astellas. In this part, Dr. Longo will discuss ongoing gene therapies in lysosomal disorders.

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
I'm going to present to discuss some example of ongoing gene therapy for lysosomal disorder. There are gene therapy in development for both Fabry disease and some of this involve ex vivo gene therapy, many others involve systemic administration with an AAV, Gaucher disease type 1 that affect the periphery, and Gaucher disease type 2, where the replacement should occur within the central nervous system because this condition affects the brain. There is already one approved gene therapy for lysosomal disorder, which is for the early onset metachromatic leukodystrophy. This has been approved both in Europe and now even in the United States, which consists of ex vivo gene therapy with the administration of an extra gene that restore the function of the defective enzyme. Now there are many others that are ongoing for the same indication. There are gene therapy programs for GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis, and at least one for Krabbe disease. It is important to know that some of these condition are actually included in the recommended uniform screening panel. Basically, we would have access to patients in a timely manner for some of these conditions. Then there are several gene therapy under development for the mucopolysaccharidoses, including MPS-IH, MPS-II, MPS-IIIA and MPS-IV.

There are different type of lysosomal disorders, the one caused by mutation, integral membrane protein, not enzyme within the lysosome, but protein that are present on the membrane of the lysosome. This gene therapy that have been tested, it is for cystinosis, that it is caused by a defective lysosomal and for Danon disease, which is caused by a deficiency of an integral membrane part. Finally, one lysosomal disorder, which obviously seems a metabolic condition, but it is really not, is glycogen storage disease type 2 or Pompe disease, in which there is the intralysosomal accumulation of glycogen. There are several ongoing clinical trials to try to correct the problem in this condition.

Now, I'm going to discuss some of the most advanced program in the lysosomal storage disorder. This include one for Fabry, which is on an accelerated approval pathway with phase 1 and 2 data, one for Gaucher disease type 1. Obviously, I'm going to discuss the one that has been already approved for metachromatic leukodystrophy. There is one for Hunter syndrome, and the difference of the one for Hunter syndrome, it is an example of the direct administration of gene therapy within the central nervous system.

Finally, there is one ongoing for glycogen storage disease type 2 or Pompe disease in adult patients. In gene therapy for metachromatic leukodystrophy, it was the first gene therapy approved for lysosomal disorder in human, and this requires harvesting the CD34 cell from affected patient and then introducing the [inaudible 00:04:32] gene back in this cell, and then placing them back inside the patient again. This has been very effective in patients who were treated early, and obviously, the treatment needs to occur before there is irreversible brain damage in this patient.

In the next part, Dr. Roberts and Longo will discuss treatment with gene therapies.

3 1

Nicola Longo MD, PhD, and Mark Roberts, MD

Drs. Longo and Roberts discuss the current status of gene therapies in rare neuromuscular disorders in this eight-part podcast series. This is derived from the symposium that was presented at WORLDSymposium 2025 in San Diego, California on February 4th-7th 2025 and is intended for healthcare professionals only.

This podcast includes information about investigational compounds that do not yet have a regulatory approval or authorization for a specific indication. The safety and efficacy of the agents under investigation have not been established and contents of this podcast shall not be used in any manner to directly or indirectly promote or sell the product for unapproved uses.

The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in this presentation belong solely to the author and are subject to change without notice. The contents of this presentation do not constitute an endorsement of any product or indication by Astellas. In this part, Dr. Longo will discuss the current treatment landscape and limitations in lysosomal disorders.

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
What I want to do today, is just place gene replacement therapy within the current landscape of lysosomal storage disorder treatment therapy. Gene therapy obviously has the potential of treating lysosomal disorder to correct the root cause of lysosomal storage disorder. The gene is defective, and what happen is that you can potentially either fix the gene or bypass the lack of the genetic product. But there are already therapies that are existing and are functioning. Obviously, in many cases, the lysosomal disorder is caused by defective production of an enzyme, which is defective.

We can either replace the enzyme with enzyme replacement therapy, or provide chaperone for specific mutations that retain the synthesis of the enzyme, that however is not very functional. Another avenue that it is being reported is the utilization of substrate reduction therapy. A substrate accumulates, you prevent the synthesis of the substrate to reduce the accumulation of toxic material. What we know now is that this is not enough to produce many lysosomal disorders. In many cases, the lysosomal disorder result sometime in impairment of intracellular trafficking, and sometime in the function of other organelles.

At the end, it results in the activation of the macrophagic system and inflammation. Already we have some therapy acting at this level. The end result of lysosomal storage disorder, there will be cell suffering and cell death, leading to a progression of the disease, and morbidity and mortality. Now, what therapy do we have available already? Obviously, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been around for quite some time.

It has been the same thing that we do with gene therapy, except that instead of reintroducing the gene of the subject, we place gene of a subject who is not affected of the disease. This therapy has been proven effective in cases of MPS-1 and alpha-mannosidosis. But in many cases this has to be given way before symptoms start to be affected.

Enzyme replacement therapy has been around for quite some time, starting with Gaucher disease, and now that it is available for a list of diseases that are there, so it's like Fabry, Gaucher, Pompe, different types of mucopolysaccharidosis, alpha-mannosidosis, acid lipase deficiency, 1 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and Niemann-Pick type A and B.

Obviously the advantage of this therapy, they give back the enzyme that it is defective. But the disadvantage that many time they cannot enter specialized areas such as the brain. There is already the second generation of enzyme replacement therapy that it is available. With this second generation, some of the newer drugs are more effective in terms of cellular uptake, or in terms of having a prolonged half-life and prolonged activity.

Then there are pharmacological chaperone therapy, and the one which is FDA approved is migalastat for Fabry disease, under study is ambroxol for Gaucher disease. The disadvantage of this therapy that only a selected number of mutations respond to this therapy.

Substrate reduction therapy has been introduced for Gaucher disease many years ago with miglustat, and it was followed by eliglustat. Both of them are effective, and some of them more effective than other, simply because of the fewer side effects of eliglustat as compared to miglustat. But at the same time, eliglustat does not pass the blood brain barrier.

Finally, the newer agents that are already administered, N-acetyl-L-leucine and arimoclomol, both approved for Niemann-Pick type C, they act more on the downstream effect of the lysosomal storage disorder, either by stabilizing neuronal cell activity or by reducing the inflammation that is present in the brain.

In the next part, Dr. Longo will discuss gene replacement therapy in lysosomal disorders.

1 0

Nicola Longo MD, PhD, and Mark Roberts, MD

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
Professor and Vice Chair of Human Genetics,
Allen and Charlotte Ginsburg Chair in Precision Genomic Medicine,
Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Human Genetics,
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA

Mark Roberts, MD
Profesor and Consultant Neurologist,
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Research Lead for Adult Metabolic Medicine at
Salford Care Organisation, Manchester, UK


Drs. Longo and Roberts discuss the current status of gene therapies in rare neuromuscular disorders in this 8-part podcast series. This is derived from the symposium that was presented at World Symposium 2025 in San Diego, California on February 4th-7th 2025 and is intended for healthcare professionals only.

This podcast includes information about investigational compounds that do not yet have a regulatory approval or authorization for a specific indication. The safety and efficacy of the agents under investigation have not been established and contents of this podcast shall not be used in any manner to directly or indirectly promote or sell the product for unapproved uses.

The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in this presentation belong solely to the author and are subject to change without notice. The contents of this presentation do not constitute an endorsement of any product or indication by Astellas. In this part, Dr. Roberts will discuss immune responses and other safety concerns related to gene therapies.

Mark Roberts, MD
Undoubtedly, the immune system is a major issue in these patients. It would be fantastic if we could immunotolerize our patients and indeed prevent the rejection of the therapy. We've talked about the fact that these are viral vectors and of course there may be high seroprevalence of antibodies to these viral vectors, and it's very important in the pre-screening of patients who might be eligible to understand that at the beginning. These of course can have developed over the years and of course can be part of immunological memory and therefore extremely difficult and probably impractical to actually shift.

On giving the treatment though as I think we're all aware there is this problem of the innate immunity and potential therefore for acute toxicities and then a learned or adaptive response with cytotoxic T cells and antibodies which may of course become high tighter neutralizing antibodies and potentially antibodies not only against the viral vector, even the functional protein, even the transgene are all theoretical possibilities with time. The capsid, the transgene, and even the protein product can all potentially induce an immunological event. Of course, all of these would lead to both potential patient changes and then a lack of efficacy of the treatment.

Indeed, there have been some serious and indeed fatal problems in the gene therapy development program as I think we're all aware. Though many of these are thankfully been overcome. Spinal muscular atrophy has a gene therapy which is licensed, but there were early patients who actually had significant problems. A patient of just 6 months of age who developed kidney failure, two other patients who actually developed liver failure.

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a very common condition, again there were significant issues and crucially in these patients who all have cardiomyopathy, it was heart failure and cardiac arrest that were big concerns and pulmonary edema and this was seen even with a CRISPR-based technology and is perhaps is best known but has been addressed the excellent myotubular myopathy patients, four patients died and crucially quite a long time after the gene therapy emphasizing the need to monitor these patients extremely carefully and these patients died of cholestatic liver failure albeit that they had a degree of liver dysfunction.

That's changed our screening of course of patients, we're now all looking in myotubular patients for liver involvement and Rett syndrome as well. Now these immunoprophylaxis treatment regimes to hopefully try and reduce the immunological reaction against the gene are certainly evolving.

This is just a summary of some of the other immunosuppressive regimes used in other disorders, for example, spinal muscular atrophy, but Pompe and MPS as examples of LSDs. Certainly these regimes will continue to evolve and are going to be very important in seeking to make sure that these treatments are effective. It reminds me somewhat of what's happened with enzyme replacement therapy that the use of these immunological strategies in infants has revolutionized the utility of those treatments in early patients.

In the next part, Dr. Roberts will discuss lessons learned from gene therapy trials.

1 0

Nicola Longo MD, PhD, and Mark Roberts, MD

Drs. Longo and Roberts discuss the current status of gene therapies in rare neuromuscular disorders in this eight-part podcast series. This is derived from the symposium that was presented at WORLDSymposium 2025 in San Diego, California on February 4th-7th 2025 and is intended for healthcare professionals only.

This podcast includes information about investigational compounds that do not yet have a regulatory approval or authorization for a specific indication. The safety and efficacy of the agents under investigation have not been established and contents of this podcast shall not be used in any manner to directly or indirectly promote or sell the product for unapproved uses.

The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in this presentation belong solely to the author and are subject to change without notice. The contents of this presentation do not constitute an endorsement of any product or indication by Astellas. In this part, Dr. Longo will discuss the current treatment landscape and limitations in lysosomal disorders.

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
What I want to do today, is just place gene replacement therapy within the current landscape of lysosomal storage disorder treatment therapy. Gene therapy obviously has the potential of treating lysosomal disorder to correct the root cause of lysosomal storage disorder. The gene is defective, and what happen is that you can potentially either fix the gene or bypass the lack of the genetic product. But there are already therapies that are existing and are functioning. Obviously, in many cases, the lysosomal disorder is caused by defective production of an enzyme, which is defective.

We can either replace the enzyme with enzyme replacement therapy, or provide chaperone for specific mutations that retain the synthesis of the enzyme, that however is not very functional. Another avenue that it is being reported is the utilization of substrate reduction therapy. A substrate accumulates, you prevent the synthesis of the substrate to reduce the accumulation of toxic material. What we know now is that this is not enough to produce many lysosomal disorders. In many cases, the lysosomal disorder result sometime in impairment of intracellular trafficking, and sometime in the function of other organelles.

At the end, it results in the activation of the macrophagic system and inflammation. Already we have some therapy acting at this level. The end result of lysosomal storage disorder, there will be cell suffering and cell death, leading to a progression of the disease, and morbidity and mortality. Now, what therapy do we have available already? Obviously, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been around for quite some time.

It has been the same thing that we do with gene therapy, except that instead of reintroducing the gene of the subject, we place gene of a subject who is not affected of the disease. This therapy has been proven effective in cases of MPS-1 and alpha-mannosidosis. But in many cases this has to be given way before symptoms start to be affected.

Enzyme replacement therapy has been around for quite some time, starting with Gaucher disease, and now that it is available for a list of diseases that are there, so it's like Fabry, Gaucher, Pompe, different types of mucopolysaccharidosis, alpha-mannosidosis, acid lipase deficiency, 1 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and Niemann-Pick type A and B.

Obviously the advantage of this therapy, they give back the enzyme that it is defective. But the disadvantage that many time they cannot enter specialized areas such as the brain. There is already the second generation of enzyme replacement therapy that it is available. With this second generation, some of the newer drugs are more effective in terms of cellular uptake, or in terms of having a prolonged half-life and prolonged activity.

Then there are pharmacological chaperone therapy, and the one which is FDA approved is migalastat for Fabry disease, under study is ambroxol for Gaucher disease. The disadvantage of this therapy that only a selected number of mutations respond to this therapy.

Substrate reduction therapy has been introduced for Gaucher disease many years ago with miglustat, and it was followed by eliglustat. Both of them are effective, and some of them more effective than other, simply because of the fewer side effects of eliglustat as compared to miglustat. But at the same time, eliglustat does not pass the blood brain barrier.

Finally, the newer agents that are already administered, N-acetyl-L-leucine and arimoclomol, both approved for Niemann-Pick type C, they act more on the downstream effect of the lysosomal storage disorder, either by stabilizing neuronal cell activity or by reducing the inflammation that is present in the brain.

In the next part, Dr. Longo will discuss gene replacement therapy in lysosomal disorders.

1 0

Nicola Longo MD, PhD, and Mark Roberts, MD

Nicola Longo MD, PhD
Professor and Vice Chair of Human Genetics,
Allen and Charlotte Ginsburg Chair in Precision Genomic Medicine,
Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Human Genetics,
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA

Mark Roberts, MD
Profesor and Consultant Neurologist,
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Research Lead for Adult Metabolic Medicine at 
Salford Care Organisation, Manchester, UK

Drs. Longo and Roberts discuss the current status of gene therapies in rare neuromuscular disorders in this 8-part podcast series. This is derived from the symposium that was presented at World Symposium 2025 in San Diego, California on February 4th-7th 2025 and is intended for healthcare professionals only.

This podcast includes information about investigational compounds that do not yet have a regulatory approval or authorization for a specific indication. The safety and efficacy of the agents under investigation have not been established and contents of this podcast shall not be used in any manner to directly or indirectly promote or sell the product for unapproved uses.

The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in this presentation belong solely to the author and are subject to change without notice. The contents of this presentation do not constitute an endorsement of any product or indication by Astellas. In this part, Dr. Roberts will discuss immune responses and other safety concerns related to gene therapies.

Mark Roberts, MD
Undoubtedly, the immune system is a major issue in these patients. It would be fantastic if we could immunotolerize our patients and indeed prevent the rejection of the therapy. We've talked about the fact that these are viral vectors and of course there may be high seroprevalence of antibodies to these viral vectors, and it's very important in the pre-screening of patients who might be eligible to understand that at the beginning. These of course can have developed over the years and of course can be part of immunological memory and therefore extremely difficult and probably impractical to actually shift.

On giving the treatment though as I think we're all aware there is this problem of the innate immunity and potential therefore for acute toxicities and then a learned or adaptive response with cytotoxic T cells and antibodies which may of course become high tighter neutralizing antibodies and potentially antibodies not only against the viral vector, even the functional protein, even the transgene are all theoretical possibilities with time. The capsid, the transgene, and even the protein product can all potentially induce an immunological event. Of course, all of these would lead to both potential patient changes and then a lack of efficacy of the treatment.

Indeed, there have been some serious and indeed fatal problems in the gene therapy development program as I think we're all aware. Though many of these are thankfully been overcome. Spinal muscular atrophy has a gene therapy which is licensed, but there were early patients who actually had significant problems. A patient of just 6 months of age who developed kidney failure, two other patients who actually developed liver failure.

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a very common condition, again there were significant issues and crucially in these patients who all have cardiomyopathy, it was heart failure and cardiac arrest that were big concerns and pulmonary edema and this was seen even with a CRISPR-based technology and is perhaps is best known but has been addressed the excellent myotubular myopathy patients, four patients died and crucially quite a long time after the gene therapy emphasizing the need to monitor these patients extremely carefully and these patients died of cholestatic liver failure albeit that they had a degree of liver dysfunction.

That's changed our screening of course of patients, we're now all looking in myotubular patients for liver involvement and Rett syndrome as well. Now these immunoprophylaxis treatment regimes to hopefully try and reduce the immunological reaction against the gene are certainly evolving.
This is just a summary of some of the other immunosuppressive regimes used in other disorders, for example, spinal muscular atrophy, but Pompe and MPS as examples of LSDs. Certainly these regimes will continue to evolve and are going to be very important in seeking to make sure that these treatments are effective. It reminds me somewhat of what's happened with enzyme replacement therapy that the use of these immunological strategies in infants has revolutionized the utility of those treatments in early patients.

In the next part, Dr. Roberts will discuss lessons learned from gene therapy trials.

0 0

Chair
Professor Yoshikatsu Eto
Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern Tohoku Research Center for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan

Speakers
Dr Nicole Muschol 
International Center for Lysosomal Disorders (ICLD), University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany

Professor Patrício Aguiar
Inborn Errors of Metabolism Reference Center, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria / Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Portugal

Dr Robert Hopkin
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Professor Yoshikatsu Eto
Welcome to the Chiesi symposium. The title of this symposium, Catching the Clues, Changing the Cause of Lysosomal Storage Disease: Illuminating Complex Pathway of Rare Disease with Fabry Disease, Alpha-Mannosidosis, in Focus.

This is a disclaimer: Following discussion does not focus on or depict any specific products manufactured by any pharmaceutical company. Patient cases are for medical discussion only and reflect the faculty own experience. They represent a typical clinical scenario. This presentation in part and whole may not be reproduced and not copy and not recording.

I'm Dr. Eto from Tokyo, Japan, and the three distinguished speakers: Dr. Nicole Muschol from Germany, Eppendorf University. Professor Aguiar, the Portuguese, The Inborn Errors of Metabolism Reference Center, and also Professor Robert Hopkin, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, United States.
The purpose of this symposium: Explore the patient journey across the LSD continuum, focusing on the unmet needs and diagnosis, and treatment initiation, and long-term management, and utilize case-based discussion focused on Alpha-mannosidosis, Fabry disease to highlight disease-specific challenges. Access where challenge persist in patient journey, and where tailored intervention can improve outcomes.

Introduction of LSD patient journey with a spotlight on Fabry disease, Alpha-mannosidosis. Challenge to the diagnosis and then treatment and monitoring. Common LSD challenges over the patient journey, as shown here, and at least more than 70 different lysosomal diseases known. Incidence is about 1:5,000-1:8,000 in newborn. In the literature, much higher incidence.

Multi-organ manifestation in many organ involved, and clinical heterogeneity are very complicated. The new screen method has been established already. Identify patient presymptomatically. That important by the newborn screening, something like that, early treatment essential. After the diagnosis treatment start, early and the presymptomatic treatment initiation, and usually delayed diagnosis, delayed treatment. Perceived burden of treatment may delay treatment start in patient milder form. Milder form is very difficult in the many cases, and particularly for Fabry disease also.

After the treatment start and then monitoring, as you know, we discussed about the monitoring rely on the combination of clinical assessment, laboratory test, biomarkers, and imaging, and several other factors. Biomarkers and ADA drug assay lack standardization. Actually, the Alpha, and Beta, or [inaudible 00:03:19] Fabry disease, different ADA-titled measurement. Also, the patient experience between clinical visit, ERT infusion is under-reported.

We discuss today two topics, two disease. Alpha-mannosidosis is very rare. In Japan, only few cases, and caused by the deficiency of Alpha-mannosidase, an accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides and inheritance of autosomal-recessive. Age of onset is a very early period and younger period, adult period. Incidence approximately is very rare, 1:500,000.

There are diseases we don't know exactly. If you have a treatment, maybe your incidence is much increased, and severe or attenuated [inaudible 00:04:09]. Alpha-mannosidosis is still a new disorder, and must differentiate from Mucopolysaccharidosis.

On the other hand, the Fabry disease I think is very common. There are many discussion already in the past 20 years. Deficiency of a-Gal A, accumulation of Gb3⁵ or Lyso-Gb3, many other glycoprotein, which a terminal of a-Gal A, and X-chromosome. This is very important X-chromosomal inheritance. In case of this, and usually, female does not affect, but in case of Fabry, more of female also involved.
First symptom, imagine at any age. Then incidence about 1:40,000-1:60,000. But depending on the country, as you know, classical form, about 1:40,000. Recently, after the newborn screening, late onset, very high incidence. About 90% of it—actually, we carried out a newborn screening in Japan—90% are late onset. But the clinical variety, so many clinical varieties, so incidents here, 1:3,000-1:4,000, something like that. Now, using the Alpha-mannosidosis and Fabry disease as an illustrative example, we will explore these disorders.

1 0

Chair
Professor Yoshikatsu Eto
Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern Tohoku Research Center for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan

Speakers
Dr Nicole Muschol
International Center for Lysosomal Disorders (ICLD), University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany

Professor Patrício Aguiar
Inborn Errors of Metabolism Reference Center, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria / Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Portugal

Dr Robert Hopkin
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Professor Yoshikatsu Eto
Welcome to the Chiesi symposium. The title of this symposium, Catching the Clues, Changing the Cause of Lysosomal Storage Disease: Illuminating Complex Pathway of Rare Disease with Fabry Disease, Alpha-Mannosidosis, in Focus.

This is a disclaimer: Following discussion does not focus on or depict any specific products manufactured by any pharmaceutical company. Patient cases are for medical discussion only and reflect the faculty own experience. They represent a typical clinical scenario. This presentation in part and whole may not be reproduced and not copy and not recording.

I'm Dr. Eto from Tokyo, Japan, and the three distinguished speakers: Dr. Nicole Muschol from Germany, Eppendorf University. Professor Aguiar, the Portuguese, The Inborn Errors of Metabolism Reference Center, and also Professor Robert Hopkin, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, United States.

The purpose of this symposium: Explore the patient journey across the LSD continuum, focusing on the unmet needs and diagnosis, and treatment initiation, and long-term management, and utilize case-based discussion focused on Alpha-mannosidosis, Fabry disease to highlight disease-specific challenges. Access where challenge persist in patient journey, and where tailored intervention can improve outcomes.

Introduction of LSD patient journey with a spotlight on Fabry disease, Alpha-mannosidosis. Challenge to the diagnosis and then treatment and monitoring. Common LSD challenges over the patient journey, as shown here, and at least more than 70 different lysosomal disease known. Incidence is about 1:5,000-1:8,000 in newborn. In the literature, much higher incidence.

Multi-organ manifestation in many organ involved, and clinical heterogeneity are very complicated. The new screen method has been established already. Identify patient presymptomatically. That important by the newborn screening, something like that, early treatment essential. After the diagnosis treatment start, early and the presymptomatic treatment initiation, and usually delayed diagnosis, delayed treatment. Perceived burden of treatment may delay treatment start in patient milder form. Milder form is very difficult in the many cases, and particularly for Fabry disease also.

After the treatment start and then monitoring, as you know, we discussed about the monitoring rely on the combination of clinical assessment, laboratory test, biomarkers, and imaging, and several other factors. Biomarkers and ADA drug assay lack standardization. Actually, the Alpha, and Beta, or [inaudible 00:03:19] Fabry disease, different ADA-titled measurement. Also, the patient experience between clinical visit, ERT infusion is under-reported.

We discuss today two topics, two disease. Alpha-mannosidosis is very rare. In Japan, only few cases, and caused by the deficiency of Alpha-mannosidase, an accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides and inheritance of autosomal-recessive. Age of onset is a very early period and younger period, adult period. Incidence approximately is very rare, 1:500,000.

There are diseases we don't know exactly. If you have a treatment, maybe your incidence is much increased, and severe or attenuated [inaudible 00:04:09]. Alpha-mannosidosis is still a new disorder, and must differentiate from Mucopolysaccharidosis.

On the other hand, the Fabry disease I think is very common. There are many discussion already in the past 20 years. Deficiency of a-Gal A, accumulation of Gb3⁵­­ or Lyso-Gb3, many other glycoprotein, which a terminal of a-Gal A, and X-chromosome. This is very important X-chromosomal inheritance. In case of this, and usually, female does not affect, but in case of Fabry, more of female also involved.

First symptom, imagine at any age. Then incidence about 1:40,000-1:60,000. But depending on the country, as you know, classical form, about 1:40,000. Recently, after the newborn screening, late onset, very high incidence. About 90% of it—actually, we carried out a newborn screening in Japan—90% are late onset. But the clinical variety, so many clinical varieties, so incidents here, 1:3,000-1:4,000, something like that. Now, using the Alpha-mannosidosis and Fabry disease as an illustrative example, we will explore these disorders.

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